Hi Paul,
The short answer is No. Report components cannot really reference other report components.
Now for the longer answer...(apologies in advance if this is a long-winded answer!)
From what you described above, it sounds like you want to set the visibility of some reporting components based on role. This can be done; however, it is tied to the ENTIRE report component not just a single column(s).
In the past, I've used a workaround which involved having multiple copies of the same report component, each displaying different columns based on the persona (role) that would be accessing the report.
It is definitely not one of my best practice techniques but sometimes necessity supersedes logic. If that is a route you want to consider try this quick experiment:
1. Create a report component that has a couple of columns (call this component A)
2. Click on Component A, then select Author | Visibility from the ribbon bar and make sure only the Admin role is checked

3. Copy/paste that report component (call this Component B), and hide/remove a column

4. Click on Component B, then select Author | Visibility from the ribbon bar and make sure that only the Analyst role is checked

When you are ready to test this out, in view mode, change your persona to the Admin role and you should see:

Now change your persona to the Analyst role and you should see:

There are some ways to control the positioning of the components based on which ones are visible (i.e. put them in a group box and set the group box properties to "snap them" into position either vertically or horizontally.

Again, this may require more ongoing maintenance than you'd care for but it all depends on how critical it is to have a restricted view of specific columns. If you decide on going this route we can assist you with some of the nuances but this might prove useful when considering the Apptio visibility settings for other aspects of your solution.
Hope that helps!
Bill