While looking more into it I figured out that it is not possible to do this.
The Parameter Value tab in a Mapping Node only supports scalar values, or references to individual elements. It does not support complex object creation like arrays or object instantiation, because The mapping editor is declarative and simplified for integration purposes. Java syntax like new String[] { ... }
) is not evaluated there.
An alternative approach to solve this would be by passing the dynamic part as a concatenated string via the parameter and then building the array inside the custom Java function.

- Concatenate
"$field1"
, "concatted"
, "$field2"
into a single delimited string.
Then in the Java function:
- String[] values = concatenatedString.split(",");