AIX Open Source

I am using Python 3.9 out of the box from AIX 7.3 :
[root@CUNIM01:/] # which python3
/usr/bin/python3
[root@CUNIM01:/] # ll /usr/bin/python3
0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root system 30 Dec 11 15:10 /usr/bin/python3 -> /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -w /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
File Fileset Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9 python3.9.base File
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -l python3\*
Fileset Level State Description
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Path: /usr/lib/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

Path: /etc/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

I've created a new virtual python environment :
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python3 -m venv $PWD
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # . bin/activate
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python --version
Python 3.9.18

When trying to install numpy, I have the following error :
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip install --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 numpy
Collecting numpy
Using cached numpy-1.26.4.tar.gz (15.8 MB)
Installing build dependencies ... error
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

[10 lines of output]
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001567fa0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015700d0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=2, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570fd0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=1, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570f10>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015a3310>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34 (from versions: none)
ERROR: No matching distribution found for Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
[end of output]

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip list --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 Cython
Package Version
---------- -------
pip 23.3.1
setuptools 58.1.0

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip

I installed both rpms python3-Cython and python3.9-Cython but the result is still the same.

Do you have and idea on how to install the Cython dependency for numpy in my environment ?

Regards,

Marc Baguelin

I am using Python 3.9 out of the box from AIX 7.3 :
[root@CUNIM01:/] # which python3
/usr/bin/python3
[root@CUNIM01:/] # ll /usr/bin/python3
0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root system 30 Dec 11 15:10 /usr/bin/python3 -> /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -w /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
File Fileset Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9 python3.9.base File
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -l python3\*
Fileset Level State Description
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Path: /usr/lib/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

Path: /etc/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

I've created a new virtual python environment :
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python3 -m venv $PWD
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # . bin/activate
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python --version
Python 3.9.18

When trying to install numpy, I have the following error :
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip install --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 numpy
Collecting numpy
Using cached numpy-1.26.4.tar.gz (15.8 MB)
Installing build dependencies ... error
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

[10 lines of output]
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001567fa0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015700d0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=2, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570fd0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=1, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570f10>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015a3310>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34 (from versions: none)
ERROR: No matching distribution found for Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
[end of output]

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip list --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 Cython
Package Version
---------- -------
pip 23.3.1
setuptools 58.1.0

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip

I installed both rpms python3-Cython and python3.9-Cython but the result is still the same.

Do you have and idea on how to install the Cython dependency for numpy in my environment ?

Regards,

Marc Baguelin

Hi Marc,

first of all you have standard Python3 3.9.17 on AIX 7.3 but when you created virtual environment, you have Python3 3.9.18. It means you have another Python installation on your box and you use it instead of the standard AIX Python. It is not bad and I agree with Aditya, you shoud use /opt/freeware/bin/python3 for what you are doing. Otherwise you must have IBM XL C/C++ compiler on your box to compile numpy.

The second and the most important problem with pip doesn't have anything to do with Python but with your environment. The error is "connection timed out" and as for me it is your proxy server (which definitely want to check for viruses in each downloaded file) the reason for the failure. Check with your network guys and the system administrator what they could do.

I am using Python 3.9 out of the box from AIX 7.3 :
[root@CUNIM01:/] # which python3
/usr/bin/python3
[root@CUNIM01:/] # ll /usr/bin/python3
0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root system 30 Dec 11 15:10 /usr/bin/python3 -> /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -w /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
File Fileset Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9 python3.9.base File
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -l python3\*
Fileset Level State Description
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Path: /usr/lib/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

Path: /etc/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

I've created a new virtual python environment :
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python3 -m venv $PWD
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # . bin/activate
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python --version
Python 3.9.18

When trying to install numpy, I have the following error :
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip install --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 numpy
Collecting numpy
Using cached numpy-1.26.4.tar.gz (15.8 MB)
Installing build dependencies ... error
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

[10 lines of output]
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001567fa0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015700d0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=2, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570fd0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=1, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570f10>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015a3310>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34 (from versions: none)
ERROR: No matching distribution found for Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
[end of output]

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip list --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 Cython
Package Version
---------- -------
pip 23.3.1
setuptools 58.1.0

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip

I installed both rpms python3-Cython and python3.9-Cython but the result is still the same.

Do you have and idea on how to install the Cython dependency for numpy in my environment ?

Regards,

Marc Baguelin

Thank you Aditya and Andrey for your answers.

I thought using the Python 3.9 published with AIX 7.3 would be better.

I managed to install numpy exporting the HTTPS_PROXY system variable to the same proxy specified with the pip command and it worked.

I'm now facing a problem installing pandas :

(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip --proxy http://proxysrvd:3128 install pandas
Collecting pandas
  Using cached pandas-2.2.2.tar.gz (4.4 MB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error

  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
  exit code: 2

  [55 lines of output]
  + meson setup /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build -Dbuildtype=release -Db_ndebug=if-release -Db_vscrt=md --vsenv --native-file=/tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build/meson-python-native-file.ini
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/mesonmain.py", line 194, in run
      return options.run_func(options)
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/msetup.py", line 358, in run
      app.generate()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/msetup.py", line 183, in generate
      return self._generate(env, capture, vslite_ctx)
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/msetup.py", line 253, in _generate
      captured_compile_args = intr.backend.generate(capture, vslite_ctx)
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/backend/ninjabackend.py", line 616, in generate
      self.generate_rules()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/backend/ninjabackend.py", line 1308, in generate_rules
      self.generate_dynamic_link_rules()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/backend/ninjabackend.py", line 2390, in generate_dynamic_link_rules
      cmdlist = compiler.get_command_to_archive_shlib()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/compilers/compilers.py", line 948, in get_command_to_archive_shlib
      return self.linker.get_command_to_archive_shlib()
  AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'get_command_to_archive_shlib'
  The Meson build system
  Version: 1.2.1
  Source dir: /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c
  Build dir: /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build
  Build type: native build
  Project name: pandas
  Project version: 2.2.2
  C compiler for the host machine: gcc -pthread (gcc 10.3.0 "gcc (GCC) 10.3.0")
  C linker for the host machine: gcc -pthread ld.aix 7.3.2
  C++ compiler for the host machine: g++ -pthread (gcc 10.3.0 "g++ (GCC) 10.3.0")
  C++ linker for the host machine: g++ -pthread ld.aix 7.3.2
  Cython compiler for the host machine: cython (cython 3.0.5)
  Host machine cpu family: ppc
  Host machine cpu: powerpc
  Program python found: YES (/dwhouse/python/bin/python)
  Found pkg-config: /usr/bin/pkg-config (0.29.2)
  Run-time dependency python found: YES 3.9
  Build targets in project: 53

  pandas 2.2.2

    User defined options
      Native files: /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build/meson-python-native-file.ini
      buildtype   : release
      vsenv       : True
      b_ndebug    : if-release
      b_vscrt     : md

  Found ninja-1.11.1 at /opt/freeware/bin/ninja

  Visual Studio environment is needed to run Ninja. It is recommended to use Meson wrapper:
  /tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/bin/meson compile -C .

  ERROR: Unhandled python exception

      This is a Meson bug and should be reported!
  [end of output]

  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: metadata-generation-failed

Encountered error while generating package metadata.

See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.

Regards,

Marc Baguelin

------------------------------
Marc Baguelin

Original Message:
Sent: Wed April 24, 2024 03:51 AM
From: Andrey Klyachkin
Subject: Unable to install numpy with default Python 3.9 installation on AIX 7.3

Hi Marc,

first of all you have standard Python3 3.9.17 on AIX 7.3 but when you created virtual environment, you have Python3 3.9.18. It means you have another Python installation on your box and you use it instead of the standard AIX Python. It is not bad and I agree with Aditya, you shoud use /opt/freeware/bin/python3 for what you are doing. Otherwise you must have IBM XL C/C++ compiler on your box to compile numpy.

The second and the most important problem with pip doesn't have anything to do with Python but with your environment. The error is "connection timed out" and as for me it is your proxy server (which definitely want to check for viruses in each downloaded file) the reason for the failure. Check with your network guys and the system administrator what they could do.

------------------------------
Andrey Klyachkin

https://www.power-devops.com

Original Message:
Sent: Tue April 23, 2024 04:04 AM
From: Marc Baguelin
Subject: Unable to install numpy with default Python 3.9 installation on AIX 7.3

I am using Python 3.9 out of the box from AIX 7.3 :
[root@CUNIM01:/] # which python3
/usr/bin/python3
[root@CUNIM01:/] # ll /usr/bin/python3
0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root system 30 Dec 11 15:10 /usr/bin/python3 -> /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -w /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
File Fileset Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9 python3.9.base File
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -l python3\*
Fileset Level State Description
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Path: /usr/lib/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

Path: /etc/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

I've created a new virtual python environment :
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python3 -m venv $PWD
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # . bin/activate
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python --version
Python 3.9.18

When trying to install numpy, I have the following error :
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip install --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 numpy
Collecting numpy
Using cached numpy-1.26.4.tar.gz (15.8 MB)
Installing build dependencies ... error
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

[10 lines of output]
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001567fa0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015700d0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=2, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570fd0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=1, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570f10>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015a3310>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34 (from versions: none)
ERROR: No matching distribution found for Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
[end of output]

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip list --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 Cython
Package Version
---------- -------
pip 23.3.1
setuptools 58.1.0

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip

I installed both rpms python3-Cython and python3.9-Cython but the result is still the same.

Do you have and idea on how to install the Cython dependency for numpy in my environment ?

Regards,

Marc Baguelin

------------------------------
Marc Baguelin
------------------------------

Hi Marc,

Yeah this is a bug we have fixed in meson and will be resolved if pandas upgrade meson. 

But we have a work around. 

By the way we will release toolbox pandas soon. 

Having said that here is how you can do it. 

install meson using command "dnf install meson"

Then run

export CXX="g++ -pthread"
export CXXFLAGS=-maix64
export OBJECT_MODE=64
export CC="gcc -pthread"
export CFLAGS=-maix64
export LDFLAGS="-lm"
pip3.9 install pandas --root=$PWD/install_dir -I --no-deps --no-build-isolation

This should install. Let me know if any problems

------------------------------
Aditya Kamath

Original Message:
Sent: Wed April 24, 2024 09:15 AM
From: Marc Baguelin
Subject: Unable to install numpy with default Python 3.9 installation on AIX 7.3

Thank you Aditya and Andrey for your answers.

I thought using the Python 3.9 published with AIX 7.3 would be better.

I managed to install numpy exporting the HTTPS_PROXY system variable to the same proxy specified with the pip command and it worked.

I'm now facing a problem installing pandas :

(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip --proxy http://proxysrvd:3128 install pandas
Collecting pandas
  Using cached pandas-2.2.2.tar.gz (4.4 MB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error

  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
  exit code: 2

  [55 lines of output]
  + meson setup /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build -Dbuildtype=release -Db_ndebug=if-release -Db_vscrt=md --vsenv --native-file=/tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build/meson-python-native-file.ini
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/mesonmain.py", line 194, in run
      return options.run_func(options)
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/msetup.py", line 358, in run
      app.generate()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/msetup.py", line 183, in generate
      return self._generate(env, capture, vslite_ctx)
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/msetup.py", line 253, in _generate
      captured_compile_args = intr.backend.generate(capture, vslite_ctx)
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/backend/ninjabackend.py", line 616, in generate
      self.generate_rules()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/backend/ninjabackend.py", line 1308, in generate_rules
      self.generate_dynamic_link_rules()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/backend/ninjabackend.py", line 2390, in generate_dynamic_link_rules
      cmdlist = compiler.get_command_to_archive_shlib()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/compilers/compilers.py", line 948, in get_command_to_archive_shlib
      return self.linker.get_command_to_archive_shlib()
  AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'get_command_to_archive_shlib'
  The Meson build system
  Version: 1.2.1
  Source dir: /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c
  Build dir: /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build
  Build type: native build
  Project name: pandas
  Project version: 2.2.2
  C compiler for the host machine: gcc -pthread (gcc 10.3.0 "gcc (GCC) 10.3.0")
  C linker for the host machine: gcc -pthread ld.aix 7.3.2
  C++ compiler for the host machine: g++ -pthread (gcc 10.3.0 "g++ (GCC) 10.3.0")
  C++ linker for the host machine: g++ -pthread ld.aix 7.3.2
  Cython compiler for the host machine: cython (cython 3.0.5)
  Host machine cpu family: ppc
  Host machine cpu: powerpc
  Program python found: YES (/dwhouse/python/bin/python)
  Found pkg-config: /usr/bin/pkg-config (0.29.2)
  Run-time dependency python found: YES 3.9
  Build targets in project: 53

  pandas 2.2.2

    User defined options
      Native files: /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build/meson-python-native-file.ini
      buildtype   : release
      vsenv       : True
      b_ndebug    : if-release
      b_vscrt     : md

  Found ninja-1.11.1 at /opt/freeware/bin/ninja

  Visual Studio environment is needed to run Ninja. It is recommended to use Meson wrapper:
  /tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/bin/meson compile -C .

  ERROR: Unhandled python exception

      This is a Meson bug and should be reported!
  [end of output]

  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: metadata-generation-failed

Encountered error while generating package metadata.

See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.

Regards,

Marc Baguelin

------------------------------
Marc Baguelin

Original Message:
Sent: Wed April 24, 2024 03:51 AM
From: Andrey Klyachkin
Subject: Unable to install numpy with default Python 3.9 installation on AIX 7.3

Hi Marc,

first of all you have standard Python3 3.9.17 on AIX 7.3 but when you created virtual environment, you have Python3 3.9.18. It means you have another Python installation on your box and you use it instead of the standard AIX Python. It is not bad and I agree with Aditya, you shoud use /opt/freeware/bin/python3 for what you are doing. Otherwise you must have IBM XL C/C++ compiler on your box to compile numpy.

The second and the most important problem with pip doesn't have anything to do with Python but with your environment. The error is "connection timed out" and as for me it is your proxy server (which definitely want to check for viruses in each downloaded file) the reason for the failure. Check with your network guys and the system administrator what they could do.

------------------------------
Andrey Klyachkin

https://www.power-devops.com

Original Message:
Sent: Tue April 23, 2024 04:04 AM
From: Marc Baguelin
Subject: Unable to install numpy with default Python 3.9 installation on AIX 7.3

I am using Python 3.9 out of the box from AIX 7.3 :
[root@CUNIM01:/] # which python3
/usr/bin/python3
[root@CUNIM01:/] # ll /usr/bin/python3
0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root system 30 Dec 11 15:10 /usr/bin/python3 -> /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -w /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
File Fileset Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9 python3.9.base File
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -l python3\*
Fileset Level State Description
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Path: /usr/lib/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

Path: /etc/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

I've created a new virtual python environment :
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python3 -m venv $PWD
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # . bin/activate
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python --version
Python 3.9.18

When trying to install numpy, I have the following error :
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip install --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 numpy
Collecting numpy
Using cached numpy-1.26.4.tar.gz (15.8 MB)
Installing build dependencies ... error
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

[10 lines of output]
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001567fa0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015700d0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=2, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570fd0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=1, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570f10>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015a3310>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34 (from versions: none)
ERROR: No matching distribution found for Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
[end of output]

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip list --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 Cython
Package Version
---------- -------
pip 23.3.1
setuptools 58.1.0

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip

I installed both rpms python3-Cython and python3.9-Cython but the result is still the same.

Do you have and idea on how to install the Cython dependency for numpy in my environment ?

Regards,

Marc Baguelin

------------------------------
Marc Baguelin
------------------------------

Hi Aditya,

I've installed meson using dnf, the error is not the same now :

(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # rpm -q meson
meson-1.2.1-1.noarch

(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # export CXX="g++ -pthread"
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # export CXXFLAGS=-maix64
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # export OBJECT_MODE=64
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # export CC="gcc -pthread"
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # export CFLAGS=-maix64
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # export LDFLAGS="-lm"

(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip --proxy http://proxysrvd:3128 install . --root=$PWD/install_dir -I --no-deps --no-build-isolation pandas
ERROR: Directory '.' is not installable. Neither 'setup.py' nor 'pyproject.toml' found.
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip --proxy http://proxysrvd:3128 install pandas --root=$PWD/install_dir -I --no-deps --no-build-isolation
Collecting pandas
  Using cached pandas-2.2.2.tar.gz (4.4 MB)
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error

  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
  exit code: 1

  [10 lines of output]
  + meson setup /tmp/pip-install-cat_hzrp/pandas_f899a0e1c65140358388264ce675f672 /tmp/pip-install-cat_hzrp/pandas_f899a0e1c65140358388264ce675f672/.mesonpy-t8nk21s5/build -Dbuildtype=release -Db_ndebug=if-release -Db_vscrt=md --vsenv --native-file=/tmp/pip-install-cat_hzrp/pandas_f899a0e1c65140358388264ce675f672/.mesonpy-t8nk21s5/build/meson-python-native-file.ini
  The Meson build system
  Version: 1.4.0
  Source dir: /tmp/pip-install-cat_hzrp/pandas_f899a0e1c65140358388264ce675f672
  Build dir: /tmp/pip-install-cat_hzrp/pandas_f899a0e1c65140358388264ce675f672/.mesonpy-t8nk21s5/build
  Build type: native build

  ../../meson.build:5:13: ERROR: Command `/dwhouse/python/bin/python /tmp/pip-install-cat_hzrp/pandas_f899a0e1c65140358388264ce675f672/generate_version.py --print` failed with status 1.

  A full log can be found at /tmp/pip-install-cat_hzrp/pandas_f899a0e1c65140358388264ce675f672/.mesonpy-t8nk21s5/build/meson-logs/meson-log.txt
  [end of output]

  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: metadata-generation-failed

Encountered error while generating package metadata.

See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.

Regards,

Marc Baguelin

Hi Marc,

Yeah this is a bug we have fixed in meson and will be resolved if pandas upgrade meson. 

But we have a work around. 

By the way we will release toolbox pandas soon. 

Having said that here is how you can do it. 

install meson using command "dnf install meson"

Then run

export CXX="g++ -pthread"
export CXXFLAGS=-maix64
export OBJECT_MODE=64
export CC="gcc -pthread"
export CFLAGS=-maix64
export LDFLAGS="-lm"
pip3.9 install pandas --root=$PWD/install_dir -I --no-deps --no-build-isolation

This should install. Let me know if any problems

------------------------------
Aditya Kamath

Original Message:
Sent: Wed April 24, 2024 09:15 AM
From: Marc Baguelin
Subject: Unable to install numpy with default Python 3.9 installation on AIX 7.3

Thank you Aditya and Andrey for your answers.

I thought using the Python 3.9 published with AIX 7.3 would be better.

I managed to install numpy exporting the HTTPS_PROXY system variable to the same proxy specified with the pip command and it worked.

I'm now facing a problem installing pandas :

(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip --proxy http://proxysrvd:3128 install pandas
Collecting pandas
  Using cached pandas-2.2.2.tar.gz (4.4 MB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error

  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
  exit code: 2

  [55 lines of output]
  + meson setup /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build -Dbuildtype=release -Db_ndebug=if-release -Db_vscrt=md --vsenv --native-file=/tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build/meson-python-native-file.ini
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/mesonmain.py", line 194, in run
      return options.run_func(options)
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/msetup.py", line 358, in run
      app.generate()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/msetup.py", line 183, in generate
      return self._generate(env, capture, vslite_ctx)
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/msetup.py", line 253, in _generate
      captured_compile_args = intr.backend.generate(capture, vslite_ctx)
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/backend/ninjabackend.py", line 616, in generate
      self.generate_rules()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/backend/ninjabackend.py", line 1308, in generate_rules
      self.generate_dynamic_link_rules()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/backend/ninjabackend.py", line 2390, in generate_dynamic_link_rules
      cmdlist = compiler.get_command_to_archive_shlib()
    File "/tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/mesonbuild/compilers/compilers.py", line 948, in get_command_to_archive_shlib
      return self.linker.get_command_to_archive_shlib()
  AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'get_command_to_archive_shlib'
  The Meson build system
  Version: 1.2.1
  Source dir: /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c
  Build dir: /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build
  Build type: native build
  Project name: pandas
  Project version: 2.2.2
  C compiler for the host machine: gcc -pthread (gcc 10.3.0 "gcc (GCC) 10.3.0")
  C linker for the host machine: gcc -pthread ld.aix 7.3.2
  C++ compiler for the host machine: g++ -pthread (gcc 10.3.0 "g++ (GCC) 10.3.0")
  C++ linker for the host machine: g++ -pthread ld.aix 7.3.2
  Cython compiler for the host machine: cython (cython 3.0.5)
  Host machine cpu family: ppc
  Host machine cpu: powerpc
  Program python found: YES (/dwhouse/python/bin/python)
  Found pkg-config: /usr/bin/pkg-config (0.29.2)
  Run-time dependency python found: YES 3.9
  Build targets in project: 53

  pandas 2.2.2

    User defined options
      Native files: /tmp/pip-install-ysh9iza3/pandas_76ea6c2ff584440c823836fdfa261c0c/.mesonpy-sb2eir_b/build/meson-python-native-file.ini
      buildtype   : release
      vsenv       : True
      b_ndebug    : if-release
      b_vscrt     : md

  Found ninja-1.11.1 at /opt/freeware/bin/ninja

  Visual Studio environment is needed to run Ninja. It is recommended to use Meson wrapper:
  /tmp/pip-build-env-li2gcnpk/overlay/bin/meson compile -C .

  ERROR: Unhandled python exception

      This is a Meson bug and should be reported!
  [end of output]

  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: metadata-generation-failed

Encountered error while generating package metadata.

See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.

Regards,

Marc Baguelin

------------------------------
Marc Baguelin

Original Message:
Sent: Wed April 24, 2024 03:51 AM
From: Andrey Klyachkin
Subject: Unable to install numpy with default Python 3.9 installation on AIX 7.3

Hi Marc,

first of all you have standard Python3 3.9.17 on AIX 7.3 but when you created virtual environment, you have Python3 3.9.18. It means you have another Python installation on your box and you use it instead of the standard AIX Python. It is not bad and I agree with Aditya, you shoud use /opt/freeware/bin/python3 for what you are doing. Otherwise you must have IBM XL C/C++ compiler on your box to compile numpy.

The second and the most important problem with pip doesn't have anything to do with Python but with your environment. The error is "connection timed out" and as for me it is your proxy server (which definitely want to check for viruses in each downloaded file) the reason for the failure. Check with your network guys and the system administrator what they could do.

------------------------------
Andrey Klyachkin

https://www.power-devops.com

Original Message:
Sent: Tue April 23, 2024 04:04 AM
From: Marc Baguelin
Subject: Unable to install numpy with default Python 3.9 installation on AIX 7.3

I am using Python 3.9 out of the box from AIX 7.3 :
[root@CUNIM01:/] # which python3
/usr/bin/python3
[root@CUNIM01:/] # ll /usr/bin/python3
0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root system 30 Dec 11 15:10 /usr/bin/python3 -> /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -w /usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9
File Fileset Type
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
/usr/opt/python3/bin/python3.9 python3.9.base File
[root@CUNIM01:/] # lslpp -l python3\*
Fileset Level State Description
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Path: /usr/lib/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

Path: /etc/objrepos
python3.9.base 3.9.17.1 COMMITTED Python 3.9 64-bit binary
distribution

I've created a new virtual python environment :
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python3 -m venv $PWD
[root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # . bin/activate
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python --version
Python 3.9.18

When trying to install numpy, I have the following error :
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip install --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 numpy
Collecting numpy
Using cached numpy-1.26.4.tar.gz (15.8 MB)
Installing build dependencies ... error
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

[10 lines of output]
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001567fa0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015700d0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=2, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570fd0>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=1, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa00000001570f10>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError(<pip._vendor.urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0xa000000015a3310>, 'Connection to pypi.org timed out. (connect timeout=15)')': /simple/cython/
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34 (from versions: none)
ERROR: No matching distribution found for Cython<3.1,>=0.29.34

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
[end of output]

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
exit code: 1

See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
(python) [root@CUMPBSV1:/dwhouse/python] # python -m pip list --proxy=http://proxysrvd:3128 Cython
Package Version
---------- -------
pip 23.3.1
setuptools 58.1.0

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.3.1 -> 24.0
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip

I installed both rpms python3-Cython and python3.9-Cython but the result is still the same.

Do you have and idea on how to install the Cython dependency for numpy in my environment ?

Regards,

Marc Baguelin

------------------------------
Marc Baguelin
------------------------------