Exploding gradients, vanishing signals, chaotic weight dynamics, and slow convergence are now common issues when working with large architectures — especially transformers and other long-sequence ...

Among all mathematical tools used in AI, spectral analysis stands out as one of the most powerful. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors provide a window into the internal dynamics of models, the ...

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has quickly become the preferred architecture for enterprises implementing AI systems that need to be accurate, explainable, and easily updated. When ...