• Improving data analysis through a better visualization of data?


• Analyze and visualize participants response towards particular condition


• Alternative graphics to handle bar plots


• How to avoid overplotting (for points) using base-graph? from Stackoverflow

Citations of Interest to the Topic

• Drummond, Gordon B. & Sarah L. Vowler. 2011. Show the data, don't conceal them. The Journal of Physiology 598(8): 1861-1863. PDF available from publisher.


• Koyama, Tatsuki. Beware of Dynamite

SPSS Code to generate below dot plot

*******************************************************************************************. data list free /NegVPosA NegVNtA    PosVNegA    PosVNtA NtVNegA NtVPosA.
begin data
0.5 0.5 -0.4    0.8 -0.45   -0.3
0.25    0.7 -0.05   -0.35   0.7 0.75
0.8 0.75    0.65    0.9 -0.15   0
0.8 0.9 -0.95   -0.05   -0.1    -0.05
0.9 1   -0.15   -0.35   0.1 -0.85
0.8 0.8 0.35    0.75    -0.05   -0.2
0.95    0.25    -0.55   -0.3    0.15    0.3
1   1   0.3 0.65    -0.25   0.35
0.65    1   -0.4    0.25    0.3 -0.8
-0.15   0.05    -0.75   -0.15   -0.45   -0.1
0.3 0.6 -0.7    -0.2    -0.5    -0.8
0.85    0.45    0.2 -0.05   -0.45   -0.5
0.35    0.2 -0.6    -0.05   -0.3    -0.35
0.95    0.95    -0.4    0.55    -0.1    0.8
0.75    0.3 -0.05   -0.25   0.45    -0.45
1   0.9 0   0.5 -0.4    0.2
0.9 0.25    -0.25   0.15    -0.65   -0.7
0.7 0.6 -0.15   0.05    0   -0.3
0.8 0.15    -0.4    0.6 -0.05   -0.55
0.2 -0.05   -0.5    0.05    -0.5    0.3
end data.
dataset name dynamite.

*reshaping the data wide to long, to use conditions as factors in the plot.

varstocases
/make condition_score from NegVPosA to NtVPosA
/INDEX = condition (condition_score).

*dot plot, used dodge symmetric instead of jitter.
GGRAPH
  /GRAPHDATASET dataset = dynamite NAME="graphdataset" VARIABLES=condition condition_score MISSING=LISTWISE
    REPORTMISSING=NO
  /GRAPHSPEC SOURCE=INLINE.
BEGIN GPL
  SOURCE: s=userSource(id("graphdataset"))
  DATA: condition=col(source(s), name("condition"), unit.category())
  DATA: condition_score=col(source(s), name("condition_score"))
  GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("condition"))
  GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("condition_score"))
  ELEMENT: point.dodge.symmetric(position(condition*condition_score))
END GPL.

*confidence interval plot.

*cant get gpl working (maybe it is because older version) - will capture std error of mean.

dataset declare mean.
OMS /IF LABELS = 'Report'
/DESTINATION FORMAT = SAV OUTFILE = 'mean'.
MEANS TABLES=condition_score BY condition
  /CELLS MEAN SEMEAN.
OMSEND.

dataset activate mean.
compute mean_minus = mean - Std.ErrorofMean.
compute mean_plus = mean + Std.ErrorofMean.
execute.

select if Var1  "Total".
execute.

rename variables (Var1 = condition).

*Example just interval bars.
GGRAPH
  /GRAPHDATASET dataset = mean NAME="graphdataset2" VARIABLES=condition mean_plus
  mean_minus Mean[LEVEL=SCALE]
    MISSING=LISTWISE REPORTMISSING=NO
  /GRAPHSPEC SOURCE=INLINE.
BEGIN GPL
  SOURCE: s2=userSource(id("graphdataset2"))
  DATA: condition=col(source(s2), name("condition"), unit.category())
  DATA: mean_plus=col(source(s2), name("mean_plus"))
  DATA: mean_minus=col(source(s2), name("mean_minus"))
  DATA: Mean=col(source(s2), name("Mean"))
  GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Var1"))
  GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Mean Estimate and Std. Error of Mean"))
  SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0))
  ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.range(condition*(mean_minus+mean_plus))),
    shape(shape.ibeam))
  ELEMENT: point(position(condition*Mean), shape(shape.square))
END GPL.

*now to put the two datasets together in one chart.
*note you need to put the dynamite source first, otherwise it treats it as a dataset with one observation!
*also needed to do some post-hoc editing to get the legend to look correct, what I did was put an empty text box over top of
*the legend items I did not need.

GGRAPH
  /GRAPHDATASET dataset = mean NAME="graphdataset2" VARIABLES=condition mean_plus
  mean_minus Mean[LEVEL=SCALE]
    MISSING=LISTWISE REPORTMISSING=NO
  /GRAPHDATASET dataset = dynamite NAME="graphdataset" VARIABLES=condition condition_score MISSING=LISTWISE
    REPORTMISSING=NO
  /GRAPHSPEC SOURCE=INLINE.
BEGIN GPL
  SOURCE: s=userSource(id("graphdataset"))
  DATA: condition2=col(source(s), name("condition"), unit.category())
  DATA: condition_score=col(source(s), name("condition_score"))
  SOURCE: s2=userSource(id("graphdataset2"))
  DATA: condition=col(source(s2), name("condition"), unit.category())
  DATA: mean_plus=col(source(s2), name("mean_plus"))
  DATA: mean_minus=col(source(s2), name("mean_minus"))
  DATA: Mean=col(source(s2), name("Mean"))
  GUIDE: axis(dim(1), label("Condition"))
  GUIDE: axis(dim(2), label("Tendency Score"))
  SCALE: linear(dim(2), include(0))
  SCALE: cat(aesthetic(aesthetic.color.interior), map(("Observation", color.grey), ("Mean", color.black), ("S.E. of Mean", color.black)))
  SCALE: cat(aesthetic(aesthetic.color.exterior), map(("Observation", color.grey), ("Mean", color.black), ("S.E. of Mean", color.black)))
  SCALE: cat(aesthetic(aesthetic.shape), map(("Observation", shape.circle), ("Mean", shape.square), ("S.E. of Mean", shape.ibeam)))
  ELEMENT: point.dodge.symmetric(position(condition2*condition_score), shape("Observation"), color.interior("Observation"), color.exterior("Observation"))
  ELEMENT: interval(position(region.spread.range(condition*(mean_minus+mean_plus))),
    shape("S.E. of Mean"), color.interior("S.E. of Mean"), color.exterior("S.E. of Mean"))
  ELEMENT: point(position(condition*Mean), shape("Mean"), color.interior("Mean"), color.exterior("Mean"))
END GPL.
*******************************************************************************************.

R code using ggplot2 to generate dot plot

library(ggplot2)
library(reshape)

#this is where I saved the associated dat file in the post
work <- "F:\Forum_Post_Stuff\dynamite_plot"
setwd(work)

#reading the dat file provided in question
score <- read.table(file = "exp2tend.dat",header = TRUE)

#reshaping so different conditions are factors
score_long <- melt(score)

#now making base dot plot
plot <- ggplot(data=score_long)+
layer(geom = 'point', position =position_dodge(width=0.2), mapping = aes(x = variable, y = value)) +
theme_bw()

#now making the error bar plot to superimpose, I'm too lazy to write my own function, stealing from webpage listed below
#very good webpage by the way, helpful tutorials in making ggplot2 graphs
#http://wiki.stdout.org/rcookbook/Graphs/Plotting%20means%20and%20error%20bars%20(ggplot2)/

##################################################################################
## Summarizes data.
## Gives count, mean, standard deviation, standard error of the mean, and confidence interval (default 95%).
##   data: a data frame.
##   measurevar: the name of a column that contains the variable to be summariezed
##   groupvars: a vector containing names of columns that contain grouping variables
##   na.rm: a boolean that indicates whether to ignore NA's
##   conf.interval: the percent range of the confidence interval (default is 95%)
summarySE <- function(data=NULL, measurevar, groupvars=NULL, na.rm=FALSE, conf.interval=.95, .drop=TRUE) {
    require(plyr)

    # New version of length which can handle NA's: if na.rm==T, don't count them
    length2 <- function (x, na.rm=FALSE) {
        if (na.rm) sum(!is.na(x))
        else       length(x)
    }

    # This is does the summary; it's not easy to understand...
    datac <- ddply(data, groupvars, .drop=.drop,
                   .fun= function(xx, col, na.rm) {
                           c( N    = length2(xx[,col], na.rm=na.rm),
                              mean = mean   (xx[,col], na.rm=na.rm),
                              sd   = sd     (xx[,col], na.rm=na.rm)
                              )
                          },
                    measurevar,
                    na.rm
             )

    # Rename the "mean" column
    datac <- rename(datac, c("mean"=measurevar))

    datac$se <- datac$sd / sqrt(datac$N)  # Calculate standard error of the mean

    # Confidence interval multiplier for standard error
    # Calculate t-statistic for confidence interval:
    # e.g., if conf.interval is .95, use .975 (above/below), and use df=N-1
    ciMult <- qt(conf.interval/2 + .5, datac$N-1)
    datac$ci <- datac$se * ciMult

    return(datac)
}
##################################################################################

summary_score <- summarySE(score_long,measurevar="value",groupvars="variable")

ggplot(data = summary_score) +
layer(geom = 'point', mapping = aes(x = variable, y = value)) +
layer(geom = 'errorbar', mapping = aes(x = variable, ymin=value-se,ymax=value+se))

#now I need to merge these two dataframes together and plot them over each other
#merging summary_score to score_long by variable

all <- merge(score_long,summary_score,by="variable")

#adding variables to data frame for mapping aesthetics in legend
all$observation <- "observation"
all$mean <- "mean"
all$se_mean <- "S.E. of mean"

#these define the mapping of categories to aesthetics
cols <- c("S.E. of mean" = "black")
shape <- c("observation" = 1)

plot <- ggplot(data=all) +
layer(geom = 'jitter', position=position_jitter(width=0.2, height = 0), mapping = aes(x = variable, y = value.x, shape = observation)) +
layer(geom = 'point', mapping = aes(x = variable, y = value.y, color = se_mean)) +
layer(geom = 'errorbar', mapping = aes(x = variable, ymin=value.y-se,ymax=value.y+se, color = se_mean)) +
scale_colour_manual(" ",values = cols) +
scale_shape_manual(" ",values = shape) +
ylab("[pVisual - pAuditory]") + xlab("Condition") + theme_bw()
plot
#I just saved this in GUI to png, saving with ggsave wasn't looking as nice

#changing width/height in ggsave seems very strange, maybe has to do with ymax not defined?
#ggsave(file = "Avoid_dynamite.png", width = 3, height = 2.5)
#adjusting size of plot within GUI works just fine